How to Become a Detectives and Criminal Investigator
Detectives and Criminal Investigators earn a median salary of $93,790/year in the United States. Most positions require High school diploma or equivalent. The highest-paying states include District of Columbia, Maryland, California.
Where Detectives and Criminal Investigators have the most money left over after rent
Median pay minus estimated federal + state + FICA taxes, minus 12 months of rent at HUD's 2-bedroom Fair Market Rent. Darker green means more money left over each year. Hover any state for the breakdown.
View map data as a table
| State | Median (nominal) | Rent/mo (2BR) | Left after rent |
|---|---|---|---|
| District of Columbia | $161K | $2,146 | $84K |
| Delaware | $122K | $1,448 | $70K |
| Maryland | $127K | $1,795 | $70K |
| Alaska | $115K | $1,643 | $70K |
| Washington | $116K | $1,830 | $68K |
| Virginia | $113K | $1,646 | $62K |
| Nebraska | $101K | $1,113 | $61K |
| Vermont | $106K | $1,498 | $61K |
| Arizona | $102K | $1,437 | $61K |
| New Jersey | $116K | $2,067 | $60K |
| California | $125K | $2,471 | $59K |
| Pennsylvania | $98K | $1,351 | $58K |
| Nevada | $94K | $1,501 | $57K |
| West Virginia | $92K | $1,008 | $57K |
| Montana | $92K | $1,129 | $56K |
| Oregon | $107K | $1,555 | $56K |
| Colorado | $105K | $1,832 | $56K |
| Texas | $91K | $1,415 | $55K |
| Wisconsin | $91K | $1,202 | $54K |
| Wyoming | $82K | $1,008 | $54K |
| Hawaii | $114K | $2,240 | $53K |
| Michigan | $91K | $1,272 | $53K |
| New Hampshire | $89K | $1,528 | $53K |
| New Mexico | $87K | $1,119 | $53K |
| Massachusetts | $110K | $2,347 | $52K |
| New York | $101K | $1,917 | $52K |
| North Dakota | $82K | $1,034 | $52K |
| Illinois | $91K | $1,407 | $51K |
| South Dakota | $78K | $1,017 | $51K |
| Maine | $88K | $1,281 | $50K |
| Connecticut | $95K | $1,679 | $50K |
| Oklahoma | $80K | $1,081 | $49K |
| Rhode Island | $88K | $1,544 | $49K |
| Ohio | $79K | $1,188 | $48K |
| Tennessee | $77K | $1,215 | $48K |
| Iowa | $80K | $1,064 | $47K |
| Missouri | $76K | $1,097 | $46K |
| Kansas | $76K | $1,066 | $45K |
| Minnesota | $80K | $1,384 | $44K |
| Utah | $79K | $1,350 | $44K |
| Florida | $77K | $1,658 | $43K |
| Idaho | $73K | $1,136 | $43K |
| Kentucky | $72K | $1,110 | $43K |
| Indiana | $70K | $1,144 | $42K |
| Alabama | $66K | $1,085 | $39K |
| North Carolina | $63K | $1,284 | $35K |
| South Carolina | $63K | $1,263 | $35K |
| Georgia | $65K | $1,434 | $34K |
| Louisiana | $60K | $1,191 | $34K |
| Mississippi | $59K | $1,077 | $33K |
| Arkansas | $55K | $1,021 | $32K |
Education and training
Most public safety careers (police officers, firefighters, corrections officers, EMTs) require a high school diploma and completion of a training academy. Police academies run 12-30 weeks depending on the state and department. Fire academies are typically 12-16 weeks. EMT certification can be completed in as little as 6-8 weeks for EMT-Basic, while paramedic certification requires 1-2 years of additional training. A college degree is not required for most entry-level positions but is increasingly preferred by departments and is often required for promotion to supervisory ranks.
Detectives and Criminal Investigators positions typically call for High school diploma or equivalent. Hands-on experience through internships, entry-level positions, or structured training complements formal education.
Licensing and certification
Public safety professionals are certified or licensed through state-level commissions (POST commissions for police, state fire marshal offices for firefighters, state EMS boards for EMTs/paramedics). Certification typically requires completing an approved academy, passing written and physical fitness exams, and clearing background investigations. Continuing education and recertification are required on a regular cycle, and standards vary significantly by state.
What the day-to-day looks like
Public safety work involves shift-based schedules (24-on/48-off for firefighters, rotating 8-12 hour shifts for police), physical demands, high-stress situations, and direct public interaction under unpredictable circumstances. The work carries real risk, occupational injuries and mental health impacts are higher than in most civilian careers. The trade-off: strong union protections, excellent pension systems in many jurisdictions, and a sense of purpose and camaraderie that most office jobs can't match.
Career progression
Public safety careers follow rank-based promotion systems: officer → sergeant → lieutenant → captain → chief for police; firefighter → driver/engineer → lieutenant → captain → battalion chief → fire chief for fire service. Promotions are typically based on a combination of time in grade, written exams, assessment centers, and performance evaluations. Each rank increase comes with a defined pay bump per the department's salary schedule. Specialty assignments (detective, arson investigation, SWAT, hazmat) offer variety and sometimes additional pay.
Salary progression
Highest paying states
| State | Median salary | Employment |
|---|---|---|
| District of Columbia | $161K | 2,980 |
| Maryland | $127K | 1,010 |
| California | $125K | 12,610 |
| Delaware | $122K | 140 |
| New Jersey | $116K | 3,080 |
| Washington | $116K | 1,850 |
| Alaska | $115K | 140 |
| Hawaii | $114K | 440 |
| Virginia | $113K | 3,180 |
| Massachusetts | $110K | 1,300 |
Where the jobs are
The highest-paying state for detectives and criminal investigatorss is District of Columbia at $160,760/year, that's $66,970 above the national median. But higher pay often comes with higher costs. Before assuming the top-paying state is the best financial move, check the full affordability breakdown for District of Columbia.
The pay gap between the highest and lowest-paying states is $106,260. That spread sounds dramatic, but cost-of-living differences offset much of it. A detectives and criminal investigators making $54,500 in Arkansas may have more purchasing power than one making $160,760 in District of Columbia if rent and local prices differ enough.
By employment volume, the states with the most detectives and criminal investigators jobs are Texas (18,870 workers), California (12,610 workers), New York (9,600 workers). High employment numbers mean more job openings, more employer competition for talent, and usually more leverage when negotiating salary. States with fewer workers in the field may pay less but also have less competition for positions.
For the full state-by-state comparison with salary percentiles, cost-of-living adjustment, and rent affordability for detectives and criminal investigatorss, see the complete salary data page.
Salary negotiation
Public safety salaries are almost always set by collective bargaining agreements or civil service pay scales, individual negotiation is limited. The levers that exist: choosing a higher-paying department (neighboring jurisdictions can vary by $10K-$20K for the same rank), pursuing specialty assignments with premium pay, maximizing overtime opportunities, and achieving rank promotions through exam preparation.
What the data doesn't tell you
BLS salary data for public safety occupations significantly underreports total compensation. Overtime is endemic in police and fire work, pension contributions (often 20-30% of salary, employer-paid) aren't reflected in the wage figure, and many departments offer healthcare coverage that continues into retirement. A police officer with a reported $65K salary and a full benefits package may have a total compensation value of $95K-$110K.
See the full salary picture
Percentile breakdown, cost of living, rent burden, and purchasing power for detectives and criminal investigatorss in every metro.
View Detectives and Criminal Investigators salaries →Frequently asked questions
How much does a detectives and criminal investigators make?▼
The median detectives and criminal investigators salary in the United States is $93,790 per year ($45/hour). Entry-level positions start around $55,390, while experienced professionals earn up to $160,540.
What education do you need to become a detectives and criminal investigator?▼
Most detectives and criminal investigators positions require High school diploma or equivalent. Requirements vary by state and employer. Check with your state's licensing board for specific requirements.
What is the job outlook for detectives and criminal investigators?▼
Check the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook for the latest employment projections for detectives and criminal investigators.
What are the highest paying states for detectives and criminal investigators?▼
The highest paying states for detectives and criminal investigators are District of Columbia ($160,760), Maryland ($126,730), California ($124,840), Delaware ($122,050), New Jersey ($116,300). Salaries vary significantly by location due to cost of living and local demand.